Learning Disability
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Introduction
Learning disabilities are conditions affecting academics and related specifically to reading, writing, or math.
People have at least average intelligence having difficulties in at least one area of academic achievement, with a specific cognitive function clearly affected.
Increasingly, there is a move to only use this term if there has not been sufficient response to intervention.
Prevalance of about 6%, the majority of which are reading disability (dyslexia). Dyslexia is NOT getting letters or words backwards.
Reading is critical for health (a social determinant of health).
Decoding is the number one cause; auditory analytic.
The Case of...
a simple case introducing clincial presentation and calling for a differential diagnosis to get students thinking.
Causes and Risk Factors
Inherited, autosomal dominant; more common in males.
Pathophysiology
There is a large number of psychiatric co-morbidities, including dysthymia, major depression, oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, or conduct disorder.
Signs and Symptoms
Primary care physicans should screen for learning disabilities, especially before the age of seven (during a time of cognitive plasticity). Use the following list of words:
- history
- physical exam
- history
History
Investigations
- lab investigations
- diagnostic imaging
Lab Investigations
Diagnostic Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
It is important to rule out seizure disorder or sensory impairments.
Treatments
Consequences and Course
Learning disabilities can lead to low self-esteem and relationships. School drop-out is common.
Resources and References
Topic Development
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