Musculoskeletal Injuries, Conditions, and Diseases

Trauma and Injury

 

 

fractures

compartment syndrome

 

Shoulder shoulder injuries adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) shoulder impingement shoulder dislocation   elbow injuries lateral epicondylitis medial epicondylitis   hand and wrist injuries Mallet finger de Quervain's tenosynovitis carpal tunnel syndrome distal radius fracture   low back pain

Hip hip fractures slipped capital femoral epiphysis knee injuries   Ankle lateral sprain medial sprain

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pediatric Injuries

buckle, greenstick, plastic deformation

 

growth plate injury - fracture of cartilage cells in hypertrophic zone. heals well and rapidly, often faster than bone.

distal radius is the most common

four main types

type I - straight across

type II - within cartilage and into metaphysis

type III - from growth plate into proliferative zone

type IV - from growth plate into both epiphysis and metaphysis

 

injury can negatively affect growth by stimulating too much or not enough.

 

Degenerative Processes

• osteoporosis
• osteoarthritis
• muscular dystrophy

Immunological Conditions and Diseases

 

• rheumatoid arthritis
• ankylosing spondylitis
• reactive arthritis

 

• juvenile idiopathic arthritis
• Paget's disease

• osteomyelitis
• necrotizing myositis
• septic arthritis

 

Connective Tissue Diseases

 

Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders

Characterized by autoimmunity against systemic proteins and multi-system disease, often associated with constitutional symptoms.

 

• systemic lupus erythmatosus
• rheumatoid arthritis
• idiopathic inflammatory myositis (polymyositis, dermatomyositis)
• progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
• Sjogren's syndrome
• mixed connective tissue disease

 

Heritable Connective Tissue Disorders

• Marfan syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• osteogenesis imperfecta

• can also have overlap of the above conditions.
• associated with specific antibody - RNP

Tumours

Tumours of the musculoskeletal system can range from the more common benign to the rarer malignant tumours. While they can arise from any cellular element, they are almost always mesenchymal in origin.

In general, sarcomas tend to arise de novo, not from benign neoplasms. Many preferentially affect children and young adults. Many sarcomas have characteristic molecular abnormalities, especially chromosomal translocations, though the ultimate etiology of most is unknown.

bone tumours

 

bone tumours osteoma and osteosarcoma chondroma and chondrosarcoma Ewing's sarcoma

soft tissue tumours Soft tissue tumours arise anywhere deep to the skin and above the periosteum.   fibroma and fibrosarcoma lipoma and liposarcoma leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma angioma and angiosarcoma

 

Most sarcomas are high grade, with a moderate to high rate of metastatic spread via the blood. The lung is the most frequent site of metastasis.

 

An enlarging mass is the most common symptom of soft tissue tumours.

Pain is the most common symptom of bone tumours. The pain is persistent and of increasing intensity, not associated with a history of trauma. They may present with pathologic fracture.

Bone may respond via lysis, remodeling, or mixed lysis and remodeling.

Psuedotumours are conditions that simulate true neoplasms

Congenital Disorders

 

 

• developmental dysplasia of the hip
• scoliosis